Percepciones sobre envejecimiento satisfactorio desde la vivencia de las personas mayores que viven en comunidad / Perceptions of successful aging from the experience of the elderly living in community

OBJETIVO: Conocer e interpretar las experiencias y los significados que las personas mayores que viven en comunidad atribuyen al envejecimiento satisfactorio. MÉTODO: Investigación cualitativa, con enfoque hermenéutico dialéctico de George Gadamer, realizada en zona metropolitana de Uruguay, años 2015-2016; participaron 23 personas mayores. RESULTADOS: se identificaron las categorías conciencia histórica con tres subcategorías: familia, sociedad y estado en el que vivimos, y categoría carga de la tradición con dos subcategorías: juicios y límites. CONCLUSIONES: se logró conocer las percepciones sobre envejecimiento satisfactorio desde las vivencias de personas mayores, enfatizando en las relaciones familiares como pilar fundamental de sostén para mantenerse activos y saludables. Es importante la promoción de la salud. Las personas mayores tienen un cuerpo que sufre dolencias; manteniéndose en actividad, son personas con salud mental, ya que ellos manifiestan que mientras la mente anda, todo puede salir bien. La expectativa se centra en ser resiliente, siendo este el punto principal de seguir día a día en el camino

OBJECTIVE: To know and interpret the experiences and meanings attributed by elderly people living in community to satisfactory aging. METHOD: qualitative research, with a dialectical hermeneutic approach by George Gadamer, carried out in the metropolitan area of Uruguay, 2015-2016; 23 elderly people participated. RESULTS: categories were identified: historical awareness with three subcategories: family, society and state in which we live; another category carries the tradition with two subcategories: judgments and limits. CONCLUSIONS: it was possible to know the perceptions of successful aging from the experiences of older people, emphasizing family relationships as a fundamental pillar of support to stay active and healthy; health promotion is important, older people have a body that suffers ailments, staying active, they are people with mental health, since they referenced that while the mind walks everything can go well. The expectation is focused on being resilient, this being the main point to follow day by day along the way

Significados que le atribuyen al envejecimiento activo y saludable un grupo de personas mayores que viven en comunidad / Significados atribuídos ao envelhecimento ativo e saudável em um grupo de pessoas vivendo em comunidade idosos / Meanings attributed to active and healthy aging to a group of elderly people living in community

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer e interpretar las experiencias y los significados que le atribuyen al envejecimiento activo y saludable un grupo de personas mayores de 64 años que viven en comunidad en la ciudad de Montevideo, Uruguay. Método: se optó por el método cualitativo con enfoque hermenéutico dialéctico. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas en profundidad a 11 personas mayores de 64 años de la ciudad de Montevideo, Uruguay. Resultados: el análisis de los datos permitió construir las categorías de: desarrollo personal, alteración del estado físico, pérdidas, cambios del rol social, falta de reconocimiento, actividades de recreación. Conclusión: se identificaron aspectos relevantes sobre las necesidades de sentirse útiles para la sociedad y familia, reconocen que su capacidad funcional ha disminuido, sienten limitaciones físicas. Se devela el sentimiento de las pérdidas, tanto económicas, como físicas y laborales. Manifiestan que una fortaleza es su salud mental la que los mantiene vivos y activos.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender e interpretar as experiências e significados atribuídos ao envelhecimento ativo e saudável de um grupo de pessoas com mais de 64 anos que vivem em comunidade, na cidade de Montevidéu, Uruguai. Método: qualitativo com abordagem hermenêutico dialético. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas em profundidade com 11 pessoas com mais de 64 anos da cidade de Montevidéu, Uruguai. Resultados: análise dos dados permitiu categorias: desenvolvimento pessoal, condição física prejudicada, perdas, mudanças no papel social, a falta de reconhecimento, atividades recreativas. Conclusão: aspectos relevantes da necessidade de se sentir útil foram identificados sociedade e família, reconhecem que a sua capacidade funcional diminuiu, eles se sentem limitações físicas. O sentimento de perda, tanto econômica e física e de trabalho é revelado. Eles dizem que a força é sua saúde mental, que os mantém vivos e ativos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to find out and interpret the experiences and meanings attributed to the active and healthy aging of a group of elderly people over 64 living in community in the city of Montevideo, Uruguay. Method: we chose the qualitative method with dialectical hermeneutic approach. Data collection occurred through in-depth interviews with 11 elderly people aged 64 or more in the city of Montevideo, Uruguay. Results: data analysis allowed us to construct the categories personal development, physical state changing, losses, social role changes, lack of recognition, recreation activities. Conclusion: we identified relevant aspects on the need to feel useful for society and family; they recognize that their functional capacity has decreased; they feel physical limitations. Feelings of economic, physical and labor losses showed up in the study. They point out that their mental health is their strength that keeps them alive and active.

[Application of a social capital scale in older women attending public primary care clinics]. / Capital social de las mujeres mayores usuarias de la red pública de la Atención Primaria de Salud.

BACKGROUND: Social capital is an economical idea that refers to connections between individuals and entities that can be economically valuable. AIM: To establish the relationship of social capital as a health care asset, with sociodemographic variables of older women attending public health care services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chen’s Personal Social Capital scale was applied to 113 women aged between 64 and 80 years during 2014. Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument was calculated. RESULTS: The Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument was 0.86. The average score for social capital was 23.9 points of a maximum of 50. Bridging capital scores had the higher disparity, specifically in participation in community organizations and the representation of their interest in them. Bonding capital decreased along with a higher age of interviewed women (r = -0,43, p < 0,01). Higher territorial roots were associated with a lower perception of social community resource availability (r = -0,42, p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONS: The social capital scores in these women were low. Their better support networks were close relationships and relatives. The sensation of solitude increased with age.

Capital social de las mujeres mayores usuarias de la red pública de la Atención Primaria de Salud / Application of a social capital scale in older women attending public primary care clinics

Background: Social capital is an economical idea that refers to connections between individuals and entities that can be economically valuable. Aim: To establish the relationship of social capital as a health care asset, with sociodemographic variables of older women attending public health care services. Material and Methods: Chen’s Personal Social Capital scale was applied to 113 women aged between 64 and 80 years during 2014. Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument was calculated. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument was 0.86. The average score for social capital was 23.9 points of a maximum of 50. Bridging capital scores had the higher disparity, specifically in participation in community organizations and the representation of their interest in them. Bonding capital decreased along with a higher age of interviewed women (r = -0,43, p < 0,01). Higher territorial roots were associated with a lower perception of social community resource availability (r = -0,42, p < 0,01). Conclusions: The social capital scores in these women were low. Their better support networks were close relationships and relatives. The sensation of solitude increased with age.

Invisibility of social vulnerability and social rights to a comprehensive health care in Chile / (in)visibilidade da vulnerabilidade social e do direito ao cuidado integral da saúde no Chile / In-visibilidad de la vulnerabilidad social y el derecho al cuidado de salud integral en Chile

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the magnitude of perception of invisibility of social vulnerability and its impact on the access to universal and specific services of the Comprehensive Childhood Protection System in Chile. Method: Cross-sectional study in 50 vulnerable dyads, who were registered in a family health care center (Metropolitan Region, Chile; 2012). After the informed consent, mothers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. A correspondence analysis model was applied. Results: The invisibility of social vulnerability estimated for mothers (92.0%) and children (86.0%), and a better access was observed to universal services by children and to specific services by mothers. Conclusion: The invisibility of vulnerability limits the opportunities of social protection for disadvantaged groups. Therefore, public policy does not correct social inequalities, which deserve attention by the public health managers in Chile.

RESUMO Objetivo: estimar a magnitude da percepção da invisibilidade da vulnerabilidade social e suas consequências no acesso aos serviços universais e específicos do Sistema de Proteção Integral à Infância no Chile. Método: estudo transversal em 50 díades vulneráveis, registrados em um centro de saúde familiar (Região Metropolitana, Chile; 2012). Depois do consentimento informado, as mães foram entrevistadas usando um questionário estruturado. Um modelo de análise de correspondência foi aplicado. Resultados: a invisibilidade da vulnerabilidade social foi estimada para mães (92.0%) e filhos (86.0%), observando-se um melhor acesso aos serviços universais pelas crianças e aos específicos pelas mães. Conclusão: a invisibilidade da vulnerabilidade limita as oportunidades de proteção social a grupos em desvantagem. Consequentemente, a política pública não corrige as desigualdades sociais, que merecem a atenção dos gestores da saúde pública chilena.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estimar la magnitud de la percepción de la in-visibilidad de la vulnerabilidad social y sus consecuencias en el acceso a servicios universales y específicos del Sistema de Protección Integral de la Infancia en Chile. Método: estudio transversal en 50 díadas vulnerables, registradas en un centro de salud familiar (Región Metropolitana, Chile; 2012). Después de la firma de consentimiento informado, las madres fueran entrevistadas usando un cuestionario estructurado. Se aplicó un modelo de análisis de correspondencias. Resultados: la in-visibilidad de la vulnerabilidad social fue estimada para madres (92.0%) y hijos (86.0%), observándose un mejor acceso a los servicios universales a los infantes y específicos a las madres. Conclusión: la in-visibilidad de la vulnerabilidad limita las oportunidades de protección social a grupos desventajados. Como consecuencia, la política pública no corrige las desigualdades sociales, que merecen atención de los gestores de la salud pública chilena.

Contextos culturales, vivencias y experiencias de vida de adolescentes que pertenecen a tribus urbanas / Cultural environment, vital events, and experiences in urban tribe teenagers

Resumen:

Introducción/objetivos: comprender los contextos culturales, las vivencias y experiencias de vida de los adolescentes que pertenecen a tribus urbanas en una comuna costera de Chile. Metodología: estudio cualitativo de trayectoria etnográfica. Se entrevistó a 15 adolescentes de 12 tribus urbanas, que residían en una comuna de Chile. Finalizado el proceso de recolección de datos se procedió a su interpretación, utilizando un software de análisis de datos cualitativos para codificar, categorizar e interpretar los datos. Resultados/discusión: entre los jóvenes entrevistados se destacó la percepción de ser, y querer ser, distinto de los demás. Muchas tribus tienen sus orígenes en otros países, y la pertenencia a la tribu está vinculada a un rechazo a la cultura popular de los jóvenes de la comuna. La ropa juega un papel importante, marcándolos como distinto de los “normales,” les facilita las relaciones sociales entre pares. Los jóvenes se encuentran en un proceso de búsqueda de identidad continua y, en varios casos, el cambio fue motivado por la insatisfacción con el grupo de pares y la música y las fiestas asociadas. Para muchos jóvenes, la tribu urbana sirve como sistema de apoyo en el contexto de poco apoyo familiar, y para distraerse de problemas familiares, pobreza, abuso y violencia. Conclusión: el presente estudio es un acercamiento a las culturas de las tribus urbanas, y recoge importante información sobre las motivaciones y percepciones de los jóvenes tribales. Las evidencias señalan la necesidad de comprender el contexto cultural para modelar las formas de promoción y protección de salud.

Abstract:

Introduction/purpose: To understand cultural environment, vital events, and experiences in urban tribe teenagers in a coastal community in Chile. Methods: A qualitative study of ethnographic path. Fifteen teenagers from 12 urban tribes living in a coastal community in Chile were interviewed. After data collection, qualitative analysis software was used to code, categorize, and interpret data. Results/discussion: Among interviewed teenagers, the perception of being and wishing to be different from others was a significant finding. Many tribes have a foreign origin, and being member of a tribe is linked to a refusal of popular culture in the teenagers living in the community. Clothes play a significant role as a way to show they are different from "normal" people, and help to establish social relationships between peers. Young people are in a continuous process to find their identity and, in a number of cases, changes resulted from dissatisfaction with peer groups, music, and related parties. For many youngsters, urban tribes are a support system in a poorly supportive family, and are a way to set aside family problems, poverty, abuses, and violence. Conclusion: The present study is an approach to urban tribes' cultures, and collects important information on motivations and perceptions in young people belonging to urban tribes. Current evidences show the need for a clear understanding of the cultural environment so that health promotion and protection measures can be successfully applied.

Introdução/objetivos: compreender os contextos culturais, as vivencias e experiências de vida de adolescentes que pertencem a tribos urbanas na área costeira do Chile.

Método: estúdio qualitativo de trajetória etnográfica. Foram entrevistados 15 adolescentes de 12 tribos urbanas, que residiam em um bairro de Chile. Finalizado o processo de coleta dos dados, se procedeu à interpretação, utilizando um software de análise de dados qualitativos para codificar, categorizar e interpretar os dados.

Resultados/discussão: entre os jovens entrevistados, se destacou a percepção de ser, e querer ser diferente dos outros. Muita tribo tem suas origens em outros países, e pertencer à tribo está vinculada a um rechaço à cultura popular dos jovens do bairro. A roupa joga um papel importante, marcando-os como diferente dos “normais” facilita as relações sociais entre os pares. Os jovens estão em um processo de procura de uma identidade continua, e, em vários casos a mudança foi motivada pela insatisfação com o grupo de pares, e a música e festas associadas. Para muitos jovens, a tribo urbana serve como sistema de apoio no contexto de pouco apoio familiar, e para espairecer dos problemas familiares, pobreza, abuso e violência. Conclusão: o presente estudo é uma aproximação das culturas das tribos urbanas, e angaria importante informação sobre as motivações e percepções dos jovens tribais. As evidencias mostram a necessidade de compreender o contexto cultural para modelar as formas de promoção e proteção da saúde.

Social protection systems in vulnerable families: their importance for the public health.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of the Chilean System of Childhood Welfare in transferring benefits to socially vulnerable families. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample of 132 families from the Metropolitan Region, Chile, stratified according to degree of social vulnerability, between September 2011 and January 2012. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of the studied families in public health facilities or their households. The variables studied were family structure, psychosocial risk in the family context and integrated benefits from the welfare system in families that fulfill the necessary requirements for transfer of benefits. Descriptive statistics to measure location and dispersion were calculated. A binary logistic regression, which accounts for the sample size of the study, was carried out. RESULTS The groups were homogenous regarding family size, the presence of biological father in the household, the number of relatives living in the same dwelling, income generation capacity and the rate of dependency and psychosocial risk (p ≥ 0.05). The transfer of benefits was low in all three groups of the sample (≤ 23.0%). The benefit with the best coverage in the system was the Single Family Subsidy, whose transfer was associated with the size of the family, the presence of relatives in the dwelling, the absence of the father in the household, a high rate of dependency and a high income generation capacity (p ≤ 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of benefit transfer was poor, especially in families that were extremely socially vulnerable. Further explanatory studies of benefit transfers to the vulnerable population, of differing intensity and duration, are required in order to reduce health disparities and inequalities.

Social protection systems in vulnerable families: their importance for the public health / Sistemas de protección social en familias vulnerables: su importancia en la salud pública

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of the Chilean System of Childhood Welfare in transferring benefits to socially vulnerable families. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample of 132 families from the Metropolitan Region, Chile, stratified according to degree of social vulnerability, between September 2011 and January 2012. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of the studied families in public health facilities or their households. The variables studied were family structure, psychosocial risk in the family context and integrated benefits from the welfare system in families that fulfill the necessary requirements for transfer of benefits. Descriptive statistics to measure location and dispersion were calculated. A binary logistic regression, which accounts for the sample size of the study, was carried out. RESULTS The groups were homogenous regarding family size, the presence of biological father in the household, the number of relatives living in the same dwelling, income generation capacity and the rate of dependency and psychosocial risk (p ≥ 0.05). The transfer of benefits was low in all three groups of the sample (≤ 23.0%). The benefit with the best coverage in the system was the Single Family Subsidy, whose transfer was associated with the size of the family, the presence of relatives in the dwelling, the absence of the father in the household, a high rate of dependency and a high income generation capacity (p ≤ 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of benefit transfer was poor, especially in families that were extremely socially vulnerable. Further explanatory studies of benefit transfers to the vulnerable population, of differing intensity and duration, are required in order to reduce health disparities and inequalities. .

OBJETIVO Analizar la efectividad de las transferencias de beneficios del Sistema de Protección Integral de la Infancia a familias de Chile socialmente vulnerables. MÉTODOS Estudio transversal analítico con 132 familias, estratificadas según vulnerabilidad social en la Región Metropolitana, Chile, entre septiembre de 2011 y enero de 2012. Se aplicó entrevista semiestructurada a madres de familias en centros de salud públicos o en sus domicilios. Las variables fueron: estructura familiar, riesgo psicosocial del entorno familiar y beneficios integrados del sistema de protección social requeridos en las familias que cumplían con el requisito de aplicabilidad para la transferencia del beneficio. Se calcularon estadígrafos descriptivos, de posición y dispersión. Fue realizada regresión logística binaria, pertinente por el tamaño de la muestra. RESULTADOS Los grupos fueron homogéneos en cuanto a tamaño de la familia, presencia del progenitor y número de allegados, capacidad generadora de ingresos, tasa de dependencia y riesgo psicosocial (p ≥ 0,05). La transferencia de los beneficios fue baja en los tres grupos (≤ 23,0%). La mejor cobertura estuvo representada por el Subsidio Único Familiar, cuya entrega se relacionó con el tamaño de la familia, la presencia de allegados, progenitor ausente, la alta tasa de dependencia y alta capacidad generadora de ingresos (p ≤ 0,10). CONCLUSIONES La efectividad de entrega de los beneficios fue baja, especialmente en familias de extrema vulnerabilidad social. Nuevos estudios explicativos de formas de transferencia de beneficios deben ser realizados con diferentes niveles de intensidad y tiempos de exposición en poblaciones vulnerables, para disminuir las disparidades y desigualdades en salud. .

Effectiveness of the Comprehensive Childhood Protection System for vulnerable mothers and children.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the effectiveness of the public benefits and services of the "Chile Grows with You" and "Protect Network" programs for socially vulnerable women and children in an urban community in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. METHOD: Descriptive study employing a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 132 mothers and their 133 infants, all grouped according to social vulnerability. Primary data were collected via a structured interview of the mothers and were complemented with institutional (secondary) data. Descriptive and associative analyses were performed. RESULTS: The perception of social vulnerability by the professionals was low at the time of admission into the program. The effectiveness of the universal and specific benefits was low, with better results for the children than for the mothers. However, no significant differences were observed according to vulnerability. Another finding was the low access to specific benefits for children with psychosocial risk and psychomotor delay, especially in the most vulnerable group. CONCLUSION: The results revealed a gap in the access to the benefits guaranteed by law. To overcome this situation, nurses must strengthen their skills in contextualized health practices and the comprehensive administration of interdisciplinary and intersectoral networks.

Effectiveness of the Comprehensive Childhood Protection System for vulnerable mothers and children / Efetividade do Sistema de Protecao Integral da Infancia em maes e criancas vulneraveis / Efectividad del Sistema de Proteccion Integral de la Infancia en madres y ninos vulnerables

OBJECTIVES: to establish the effectiveness of the public benefits and services of the "Chile Grows with You" and "Protect Network" programs for socially vulnerable women and children in an urban community in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. METHOD: Descriptive study employing a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 132 mothers and their 133 infants, all grouped according to social vulnerability. Primary data were collected via a structured interview of the mothers and were complemented with institutional (secondary) data. Descriptive and associative analyses were performed. RESULTS: the perception of social vulnerability by the professionals was low at the time of admission into the program. The effectiveness of the universal and specific benefits was low, with better results for the children than for the mothers. However, no significant differences were observed according to vulnerability. Another finding was the low access to specific benefits for children with psychosocial risk and psychomotor delay, especially in the most vulnerable group. CONCLUSION: the results revealed a gap in the access to the benefits guaranteed by law. To overcome this situation, nurses must strengthen their skills in contextualized health practices and the comprehensive administration of interdisciplinary and intersectoral networks. .

OBJETIVO: estabelecer a efetividade da oferta pública de benefícios e/ou de prestações do Programa Chile Cresce Contigo e a Rede Protege, em crianças e mulheres socialmente vulneráveis de um bairro da Região Metropolitana do Chile. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo, com a utilização de um questionário. A amostra foi constituída por 132 mães de 133 crianças e estratificada segundo grupos de vulnerabilidade social. A informação primária foi coletada através de uma entrevista estruturada às mães e complementada com dados das fontes secundárias institucionais. Realizaram-se análises descritiva e de associação. RESULTADOS: houve baixa percepção de vulnerabilidade social pelos profissionais quando do ingresso do controle. A efetividade dos benefícios universais e específicos foi baixa, com melhores resultados nas crianças e nas mães, contudo, não foram observadas diferenças significativas, segundo a vulnerabilidade. Outro resultado foi o baixo acesso aos benefícios específicos nas crianças com risco psicossocial e atraso psicomotor, especialmente no grupo mais vulnerável. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados mostram uma lacuna no acesso aos benefícios garantidos por lei. Para superar essa situação, as enfermeiras/os necessitam fortalecer competências nas práticas sanitárias contextualizadas e de gestão integrada nas redes interdisciplinares e intersetoriais. .

OBJETIVO: establecer la efectividad de la oferta pública de beneficios y/o prestaciones del Programa Chile Crece Contigo y la Red Protege, en niños y mujeres socialmente vulnerables en una comuna urbana de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo con uso de la técnica de la encuesta, la muestra constituida por 132 madres de 133 niños fue estratificada según grupos de vulnerabilidad social; la información primaria fue obtenida con una entrevista estructurada a las madres y complementada con datos de fuentes secundarias institucionales. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas y de asociación. RESULTADOS: hubo baja percepción de vulnerabilidad social de las diadas, por las profesionales al ingreso del control; la efectividad de beneficios universales y específicos fue baja, con mejores resultados en hijos que en madres, no obstante, no se observaron diferencias significativas según vulnerabilidad; un hallazgo fue la baja accesibilidad a beneficios específicos en niños con riesgo psicosocial y retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, especialmente en el grupo más vulnerable. CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados muestran una brecha en el acceso a beneficios garantizados por ley; para superar esta situación, las enfermeras/os requieren fortalecer competencias para prácticas sanitarias contextualizadas y de gestión integrada, en redes interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales. .

The motherhood experience in the context of social vulnerability: a comprehensive approach to social phenomenology.

OBJECTIVE: to understand the future expectations and experience of vulnerable mothers from pregnancy to their child's early years. METHODS: this qualitative study used the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz as a framework. From January to April 2011, nine mothers from the 2009 program "Chile Grows with You" were interviewed at health centers in an urban Santiago de Chile community. RESULTS: analysis of the "lived type" led to an understanding of the mothers' real-world experience. Unexpected pregnancies in extremely vulnerable mothers are associated with feelings of hopelessness then resignation. There is no plan for the future; the mother lives in the present with great uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: from the mothers' stories, significant patterns were identified in their experiences, yielding insights into society from these women's perspectives. For humanized, comprehensive nursing care, this expertise directs interventions designed to overcome despair in women excluded because of their invisibility and poverty.

The motherhood experience in the context of social vulnerability: a comprehensive approach to social phenomenology / Vivenciando a maternidade em contextos de vulnerabilidade social: uma abordagem compreensiva da fenomenologia social / Vivenciando la maternidad en contextos de vulnerabilidad social: un enfoque comprensivo de la fenomenología social

OBJECTIVE: to understand the future expectations and experience of vulnerable mothers from pregnancy to their child's early years. METHODS: this qualitative study used the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz as a framework. From January to April 2011, nine mothers from the 2009 program "Chile Grows with You" were interviewed at health centers in an urban Santiago de Chile community. RESULTS: analysis of the "lived type" led to an understanding of the mothers' real-world experience. Unexpected pregnancies in extremely vulnerable mothers are associated with feelings of hopelessness then resignation. There is no plan for the future; the mother lives in the present with great uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: from the mothers' stories, significant patterns were identified in their experiences, yielding insights into society from these women's perspectives. For humanized, comprehensive nursing care, this expertise directs interventions designed to overcome despair in women excluded because of their invisibility and poverty. .

OBJETIVO: compreender a vivência de mães em situação de vulnerabilidade da gestação até os primeiros anos de vida do filho, assim como as suas expectativas para o futuro. MÉTODO: estudo qualitativo que utilizou a fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz como referencial filosófico. Entre janeiro e abril de 2011, foram entrevistadas, em centros de saúde de uma comunidade urbana de Santiago do Chile, nove mães matriculadas no programa Chile Cresce Contigo, em 2009. RESULTADOS: a análise compreensiva do tipo vivido permitiu compreender a vivência do mundo de vida cotidiano. Numa situação de extrema vulnerabilidade, ser mãe é uma notícia imprevista, com sentimentos de desesperança que se transformam em resignação. Não existe projeto de futuro, mas vive-se o aqui e o agora com incerteza. Com base nos relatos das mulheres-mães, foram identificados padrões significativos do vivido no âmbito pessoal e familiar, que contribuem com conhecimentos para uma compreensão mais acurada do mundo social, com base nas perspectivas particulares das mulheres. CONCLUSÕES: para a prática do cuidado humanizado e compreensivo da saúde na área de enfermagem, o presente estudo traz conhecimentos necessários para o desenho de intervenções que permitam vencer a desesperança das mulheres excluídas devido à sua invisibilidade e à sua condição de pobreza. .

OBJETIVO: comprender la vivencia de las madres en situación de vulnerabilidad, desde la gestación hasta los primeros años de vida de su hijo y sus expectativas para el futuro. MÉTODO: estudio cualitativo, que utilizó como referencial filosófico la Fenomenología Social de Alfred Shutz; fue realizado entre enero y abril de 2011, en centros de salud de una comuna urbana de Santiago de Chile, fueron entrevistadas nueve madres adscritas al programa Chile Crece Contigo en el año 2009. RESULTADOS: el análisis comprensivo del tipo vivido permitió comprender la vivencia del mundo de vida cotidiano; ser madre en situación de extrema vulnerabilidad es una noticia imprevista, con sentimientos de desesperanza, que evoluciona en resignación; no existe proyecto de futuro, vive el aquí y el ahora con incertidumbre. CONCLUSIONES: a partir de los relatos de las mujeres-madres, se identificaron patrones significativos de lo vivido en el ámbito personal y familiar, que aportan conocimientos para una mejor comprensión del mundo social desde las perspectivas particulares de las mujeres; para enfermería, en la práctica del cuidado humanizado y comprensivo de salud, se aportan conocimientos para el diseño de intervenciones que permitan superar la desesperanza en mujeres excluidas por su invisibilidad y condición de pobreza. .

Percepções e expectativas dos enfermeiros sobre sua atuação profissional / Perceptions and expectations of nurses concerning their professional activity

OBJETIVO: Conhecer como os enfermeiros percebem sua atuação profissional e quais suas expectativas sobre o desenvolvimento das gestões do cuidado integral. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem da fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz. Os sujeitos foram nove enfermeiras que trabalhavam em hospitais públicos e privados de Montevideo, Uruguai. RESULTADOS: Os enfermeiros vivenciam a distância entre a teoria e a prática, a sobrecarga administrativa, a insegurança para assumir a gestão de cuidado e a busca de conhecimento formal e informal; mostram desejos de definições específicas, autonomia e identidade profissional, valorização da profissão. CONCLUSÃO: Os enfermeiros percebem a sua atuação profissional como distante entre a teoria e a prática, sobrecarga administrativa, insegurança para assumir a gestão do atendimento e a busca do conhecimento formal e informal, com expectativas e desejos de recuperação e de definições de funções específicas, autonomia e identidade profissional.

OBJECTIVE: To learn how nurses perceive their professional activity and what are their expectations concerning the development of comprehensive care management. METHODS: Qualitative research with Alfred Schütz's social phenomenology approach. The participants were nine female nurses who worked at public and private hospitals in Montevideo, Uruguay. RESULTS: The nurses experience the gap between theory and practice, administrative overload, insecurity to take over care management and pursuit of formal and informal knowledge; they show desires and specific definitions, autonomy and professional identity, and professional valuation. CONCLUSION: The nurses perceive their professional activity as having a gap between theory and practice, administrative overload, insecurity to take over care management and pursuit of formal and informal knowledge, with expectations and desires of recovery and definitions of specific duties, autonomy and professional identity.

Nurses and care delivery to elderly women: a social phenomenological approach.

OBJECTIVE: To understand how nurses see care delivery to elderly women. METHODS: In this phenomenological study, ten nurses working at Primary Health Care Units were interviewed between September 2010 and January 2011. RESULTS: In care delivery, nurses consider the elderly women's knowledge background and biographical situation, and also value the family's participation as a care mediator. These professionals have the acuity to capture these women's specific demands, but face difficulties to deliver care to these clients. Nurses expect to deliver qualified care to these women. CONCLUSION: The theoretical and methodological approach of social phenomenology permitted revealing that the nurse designs qualified care to elderly women, considering the possibilities in the context. This includes the participation of different social actors and health sectors, assuming collective efforts in action strategies and professional training, in line with the particularities and care needs of elderly women nurses identify.

Nurses and care delivery to elderly women: a social phenomenological approach / O enfermeiro e o cuidado à mulher idosa: abordagem da fenomenologia social / El enfermero y el cuidado para la mujer adulta mayor: enfoque desde la fenomenología social

OBJECTIVE: To understand how nurses see care delivery to elderly women. METHODS: In this phenomenological study, ten nurses working at Primary Health Care Units were interviewed between September 2010 and January 2011. RESULTS: In care delivery, nurses consider the elderly women's knowledge background and biographical situation, and also value the family's participation as a care mediator. These professionals have the acuity to capture these women's specific demands, but face difficulties to deliver care to these clients. Nurses expect to deliver qualified care to these women. CONCLUSION: The theoretical and methodological approach of social phenomenology permitted revealing that the nurse designs qualified care to elderly women, considering the possibilities in the context. This includes the participation of different social actors and health sectors, assuming collective efforts in action strategies and professional training, in line with the particularities and care needs of elderly women nurses identify.

OBJETIVO: compreender a ação de cuidar da mulher idosa, sob a perspectiva do enfermeiro. MÉTODO: estudo fenomenológico, com dez enfermeiros que atuam em Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde, entrevistados entre setembro de 2010 e janeiro de 2011. RESULTADOS: o enfermeiro considera, para a realização do cuidado, a bagagem de conhecimentos e a situação biográfica da mulher idosa e valoriza a participação da família como mediadora do cuidado. Esse profissional possui acuidade para captar as demandas específicas da idosa, contudo, depara-se com dificuldades para cuidar dessa clientela. Espera realizar um cuidado qualificado para essas mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: a abordagem teórico-metodológica da fenomenologia social permitiu develar que o enfermeiro projeta o cuidado qualificado à mulher idosa como uma possibilidade no contexto em que está inserto. Tal perspectiva de cuidado inclui a participação de diversos atores sociais e setores da saúde, pressupondo investimento coletivo em estratégias de ação e formação profissional, consoantes às particularidades e necessidades de cuidado da mulher idosa, identificadas pelo enfermeiro.

OBJETIVO: Comprender la acción de cuidar a la mujer adulta mayor, a partir de la perspectiva del enfermero. MÉTODO: En este estudio fenomenológico se entrevistaron, entre septiembre del 2010 y enero del 2011, diez enfermeros que trabajaban en Centros de Salud. RESULTADOS: Para la realización del cuidado, el enfermero considera el bagaje de conocimientos y la situación biográfica de la mujer adulta mayor, así como, valoriza la participación de la familia como mediadora del cuidado. Ese profesional posee acuidad para captar las demandas específicas de la mujer adulta mayor, sin embargo se depara con dificultades para cuidar a esa clientela. El enfermero tiene la expectativa de realizar un cuidado calificado para esas mujeres. CONCLUSIÓN: El abordaje teórico-metodológico de la fenomenología social permitió develar que el enfermero se proyecta para ofrecer un cuidado calificado para la mujer adulta mayor, considerando las posibilidades en el contexto en el que está inserto. Eso incluye la participación de diversos actores sociales y sectores de salud, reconociendo un esfuerzo colectivo en estrategias de acción y formación profesional consonantes con las particularidades y necesidades del cuidado para la mujer adulta mayor identificadas por el enfermero.

[Vulnerability of pregnant women living in a community of Metropolitan Santiago]. / Vulnerabilidad social en mujeres embarazadas de una comuna de la Región Metropolitana.

BACKGROUND: The program "Chile grows with you" is a part of the Chilean social protection system oriented to decrease social inequities from pregnancy (a socially secure pregnancy) to four years of age, directed to the poorest 40% of the population. AIM: To determine the incidence of social vulnerability and its determinants, starting at the gestation period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data was obtained from anonymous secondary data based on the records of the first assessment of pregnant women and from social protection surveys, provided by the Ministry of Planning and Cooperation. RESULTS: The incidence of social vulnerability was high. However there was a disparity between the figures obtained from the social protection records and the survey carried out during the first assessment of pregnant women (91 and 27% respectively). The psychosocial risk was higher among vulnerable women (42% compared to 28% among women not considered vulnerable). This risk was associated with lack of family support, depressive symptoms, gender violence, substance abuse and maternity conflicts. Working conditions were precarious with a low level of social security, there were habitability problems, disability, dependency, female householders and a mean income below the threshold of poverty. CONCLUSIONS: Among vulnerable families, there are adverse determinants that attempt against a socially secure pregnancy and integral development of children.

Nursing teachers in clinical training areas: a phenomenological focus.

During theoretical and practical activities in clinical training areas, nursing teachers provide the bases needed for the development of future professionals. The goal is to understand the experience of nursing teachers with nursing students in clinical training areas. Therefore, a phenomenological qualitative method was chosen, and Martin Heidegger's philosophical framework was used to support data analysis. Five faculty from a Chilean university participated in the study. The analysis permitted discovering the following themes: being a faculty at the hospital, contact with nurse practitioners and being a faculty in care teaching. The study demonstrated that teaching/care integration is a constructive element that facilitates the teaching and learning process, aiming to prepare nursing professionals who incorporate the bases of authentic care into their activities.

Nursing teachers in clinical training areas: a phenomenological focus / O docente de enfermagem nos campos de prática clínica: um enfoque fenomenológico / El docente de enfermería en los campos de práctica clínica: un enfoque fenomenológico

During theoretical and practical activities in clinical training areas, nursing teachers provide the bases needed for the development of future professionals. The goal is to understand the experience of nursing teachers with nursing students in clinical training areas. Therefore, a phenomenological qualitative method was chosen, and Martin Heidegger's philosophical framework was used to support data analysis. Five faculty from a Chilean university participated in the study. The analysis permitted discovering the following themes: being a faculty at the hospital, contact with nurse practitioners and being a faculty in care teaching. The study demonstrated that teaching/care integration is a constructive element that facilitates the teaching and learning process, aiming to prepare nursing professionals who incorporate the bases of authentic care into their activities.

No desenvolvimento das atividades teórico-práticas nos campos de prática clínica, o docente de enfermagem proporciona as bases necessárias para o desenvolvimento do futuro profissional. O objetivo proposto foi compreender a vivência dos docentes de enfermagem, junto aos estudantes de enfermagem, nos campos de prática clínica. Para isso, optou-se por metodologia qualitativa fenomenológica e, para fundamentar a análise dos dados, foi adotado o referencial filosófico de Martin Heidegger. Cinco docentes de uma universidade do Chile participaram do estudo. A análise possibilitou descobrir os seguintes temas: ser docente no hospital, a convivência com enfermeiras clínicas e ser docente no ensino do cuidado. O estudo demonstrou que a integração docente/assistencial é elemento construtivo e facilitador do processo ensino/aprendizagem, buscando a formação de profissionais da enfermagem que incorporem, na sua atuação, as bases de cuidado autêntico.

El docente de enfermería en el desarrollo de las actividades teórico-prácticas en los campos de práctica clínica proporciona las bases necesarias para el desarrollo del futuro profesional. El objetivo propuesto es comprender la vivencia de los docentes de enfermería junto a los estudiantes de enfermería, en los campos de práctica clínica. Para ello se optó por una metodología cualitativa fenomenológica, y para fundamentar el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el marco filosófico de Martín Heidegger. Cinco docentes de una universidad de Chile participaron del estudio. El análisis posibilitó descubrir los siguientes temas: ser docente en el hospital, la convivencia con enfermeras clínicas y ser docente en la enseñanza del cuidado. El estudio demostró que la integración docente/asistencial es un elemento constructivo y facilitador del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, que busca la formación de profesionales de enfermería que incorporen en su actuación las bases de un cuidado auténtico.

Vulnerabilidad social en mujeres embarazadas de una comuna de la Región Metropolitana / Vulnerability of pregnant women living in a community of Metropolitan Santiago

Background: The program “Chile grows with you” is a part of the Chilean social protection system oriented to decrease social inequities from pregnancy (a socially secure pregnancy) to four years of age, directed to the poorest 40 percent of the popula-tion. Aim: To determine the incidence of social vulnerability and its determinants, starting at the gestation period. Material and Methods: Data was obtained from anonymous secondary data based on the records of the first assessment of pregnant women and from social protection surveys, provided by the Ministry of Planning and Cooperation. Results: The incidence of social vulnerability was high. However there was a disparity between the figures obtained from the social protection records and the survey carried out during the first assessment of pregnant women (91 and 27 percent respectively). The psychosocial risk was higher among vulnerable women (42 percent compared to 28 percent among women not considered vulnerable). This risk was associated with lack of family support, depressive symptoms, gender violence, substance abuse and maternity confl icts. Working conditions were precarious with a low level of social security, there were habitability problems, disability, dependency, female householders and a mean income below the threshold of poverty. Conclusions: Among vulnerable families, there are adverse determinants that attempt against a socially secure preg-nancy and integral development of children.